Crude Oil Distillation System

This distillation system is designed for the distillation of crude oil and petroleum products. Crude oil distillation can be complex and time consuming. Our crude oil distillation system includes everything needed to perform the ASTM methods, D2892 and D5236, for distilling crude oil. The system’s automation minimizes the operator time needed to perform the test. The equipment design makes the test straightforward and easier to perform.

Distillation Column Configuration

The crude oil distillation system can come in a wide variety of configurations with single or multiple distillation columns.

The packed column configuration is used to distill the crude oil up to a maximum 450°C atmospheric equivalent vapor temperature. It is sometimes called true boiling point distillation or D2892. The distillation column has 15 theoretical plates and complies fully with ASTM D2892. Pot sizes of 2 to 100 liters are available.

A variety of column packing types are available including Propak, Helipak, and structured packing. Other packing types are also available.

The vacuum pot still configuration is typically used to distill the residual material from the D2892 distillation out to atmospheric equivalent vapor temperatures up to 565°C or higher. The vacuum pot still complies fully with ASTM D5236. Pot sizes of 1 to 22 liters are available.More >>>>

Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA)

Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA) is a technology being developed by IEEE 802.20 and is aimed at wireless mobile broadband for operations from 75 to 220 mph (120 to 350 km/h). The 802.20 standard committee was first to define many of the methods which were later funneled into Mobile WiMAX, including high speed dynamic modulation and similar scalable OFDMA capabilities. It apparently retains fast hand-off, Forward Error Correction (FEC) and cell edge enhancements.

The Working Group was temporarily suspended in mid-2006 by the IEEE-SA Standards Board because it had been the subject of a number of appeals. A preliminary investigation of one of these "revealed a lack of transparency, possible 'dominance,' and other irregularities in the Working Group".^[20]

In September 2006, the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved a plan to enable the working group to continue under new conditions, and the standard is now expected to be completed by Q2 2008.

Qualcomm, a leading company behind 802.20, has dropped support for continued development in order to focus on LTE. >>>>

Wimax

WiMAX, meaning Worldwide Inter-operability for Microwave Access, is a telecommunications technology that provides wireless transmission of data using a variety of transmission modes, from point-to-multipoint links to portable and fully mobile internet access. The technology provides up to 72 Mbit/s symmetric broadband speed without the need for cables. The technology is based on the IEEE 802.16 standard (also called Broadband Wireless Access). The name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard. The forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL" .

Early WirelessMAN standards, the European standard HiperMAN and Korean standard WiBro have been harmonized as part of WiMAX and are no longer seen as competition but as complementary. All networks now being deployed in South Korea, the home of the WiBro standard, are now WiMAX.

As a short-range mobile Internet technology, such as in cafes and at transportation hubs like airports, the popular Wi-Fi 802.11b/g system is widely deployed, and provides enough coverage for some users to feel subscription to a WiMAX service is unnecessary. >>>>

Network Security (Wi-Fi)

During the early popular adoption of 802.11, providing open access points for anyone within range to use was encouraged to cultivate wireless community networks;^[13] particularly since people on average use only a fraction of their upstream bandwidth at any given time. Later, equipment manufacturers and mass-media advocated isolating users to a predetermined whitelist of authorized users—referred to as "securing" the access point.

Measures to deter unauthorized users include suppressing the AP's SSID broadcast, allowing only computers with known MAC addresses to join the network, and various encryption standards. Suppressed SSID and MAC filtering are ineffective security methods as the SSID is broadcast in the open in response to a client SSID query and a MAC address can easily be spoofed. If the eavesdropper has the ability to change his MAC address, then he can potentially join the network by spoofing an authorized address.

WEP encryption can protect against casual snooping, but may also produce a misguided sense of security since freely available tools such as AirSnort or aircrack can quickly recover WEP encryption keys. Once it has seen 5-10 million encrypted packets, AirSnort can determine the encryption password in under a second;^[14] newer tools such as aircrack-ptw can use Klein's attack to crack a WEP key with a 50% success rate using only 40,000 packets. The newer Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) and IEEE 802.11i (WPA2) encryption standards resolve most of the serious weaknesses of WEP encryption.

Attackers who have gained access to a Wi-Fi network can use DNS spoofing attacks very effectively against any other user of the network, because they can see the DNS requests made, and often respond with a spoofed answer before the queried DNS server has a chance to reply.>>>>

Uses of Wi-Fi

A Wi-Fi enabled device such as a PC, game console, mobile phone, MP3 player or PDA can connect to the Internet when within range of a wireless network connected to the Internet. The coverage of one or more interconnected access points — called a hotspot — can comprise an area as small as a single room with wireless-opaque walls or as large as many square miles covered by overlapping access points. Wi-Fi technology has served to set up mesh networks, for example, in London.^[1] Both architectures can operate in community networks.

In addition to restricted use in homes and offices, Wi-Fi can make access publicly available at Wi-Fi hotspots provided either free of charge or to subscribers to various providers. Organizations and businesses such as airports, hotels and restaurants often provide free hotspots to attract or assist clients. Enthusiasts or authorities who wish to provide services or even to promote business in a given area sometimes provide free Wi-Fi access. Metropolitan-wide Wi-Fi (Muni-Fi) already^[update] has more than 300 projects in process.^[2] There were 879 Wi-Fi based Wireless Internet service providers in the Czech Republic as of May 2008.

As of 2007 Wi-Fi technology had spread widely within business and industrial sites. In business environments, just like other environments, increasing the number of Wi-Fi access-points provides redundancy, support for fast roaming and increased overall network-capacity by using more channels or by defining smaller cells. Wi-Fi enables wireless voice-applications (VoWLAN or WVOIP). Over the years, Wi-Fi implementations have moved toward "thin" access-points, with more of the network intelligence housed in a centralized network appliance, relegating individual access-points to the role of mere "dumb" radios. Outdoor applications may utilize true mesh topologies. As of 2007 Wi-Fi installations can provide a secure computer networking gateway, firewall, DHCP server, intrusion detection system, and other functions.

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Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance, founded in 1999 as Wireless Internet Compatibility Alliance (WICA), comprising more than 300 companies, whose products are certified by the Wi-Fi Alliance, based on the IEEE 802.11 standards (also called Wireless LAN (WLAN) and Wi-Fi). This certification warrants interoperability between different wireless devices.

The alliance was founded because many products did not correctly implement IEEE 802.11 and some included proprietary extensions. This led to incompatibilities between products from different manufacturers.

The Wi-Fi Alliance tests the wireless components to their own terms of reference. Products that pass become Wi-Fi certified and may carry the Wi-Fi logo. Only products of Wi-Fi Members are tested, because they pay membership and per-item fees. Absence of the Wi-Fi logo does not necessarily mean non-compliance with the standard.

In France, Poland, the United States, and some other countries, the term Wi-Fi often is used by the public as a synonym for wireless Internet (WLAN); but not every wireless Internet product has a Wi-Fi certification, which may be because of certification costs that must be paid for each certified device type. >>>>

Applications of Bluetooth

Bluetooth has a tremendous potential in moving and synchronizing information in a localized setting. Potential for Bluetooth applications is huge, because we transact business and communicate more with people who are close by than with those who are far away - a natural phenomenon of human interaction. The following list represents only a small set of potential applications - in future many more imaginative applications will come along:

• By installing a Bluetooth network in your office you can do away with the complex and tedious task of networking between the computing devices, yet have the power of connected devices. No longer would you be bound to fixed locations where you can connect to the network. Each Bluetooth device could be connected to 200 other devices making the connection of every device with every other possible. Since it supports both point to point and point to multipoint it will virtually make the maximum number of simultaneously linked devices unlimited.

• The Bluetooth technology connects all your office peripherals wirelessly. Connect your PC or notebook to printers, scanners and faxes without the ugly and trouble some cable attachments. You can increase your freedom by connecting your mouse or the keyboard wirelessly to your computer.

• If your digital cameras in Bluetooth enabled, you can send still or video images from any location to any location without the hassle of connecting your camera to the mobile phone on the wireline phone.

• Bluetooth allows us to have three way phones. At home, your phone functions as a portable phone (fixed line charge). When you're on the move, it functions as a mobile phone (cellular charge). And when your phone comes within range of another mobile phone with built-in Bluetooth wireless technology it functions as a walkie-talkie (no telephony charge).

• In meetings and conferences you can transfer selected documents instantly with selected participants, and exchange electronic business cards automatically, without any wired connections.

• Connect your wireless headset to your mobile phone, mobile computer or any wired connection to keep your hands free for more important tasks when you're at the office or in your car.

• Have automatic synchronization of your desktop, mobile computer, notebook (PC-PDA and PC-HPC) and your mobile phone. For instance, as soon as you enter your office the address list and calendar in your notebook will automatically be updated to agree with the one in your desktop, or vice versa.

• Automatic Message Delivery: Compose e-mails on your portable PC while you're on an airplane. As soon as you've landed and switched on your mobile phone, all messages are immediately sent.

• Upon arriving at your home, the door automatically unlocks for you, the entry way lights come on, and the heat is adjusted to your pre-set preferences.

• IBM researchers are working on a number of personal devices like a WatchPad that could be connected with other devices through Bluetooth. The Watch Pad is very thin and contains 8MB of RAM. They are also working on a version of CyberPhone called CyberPhone - that can project data onto a small mirror. The CyberPhone can show as much information as a small PDA because of high resolution VGA screen.

Range of Bluetooth

The operating range depends on the device class:

· Class 3 radios – have a range of up to 1 meter or 3 feet

· Class 2 radios – most commonly found in mobile devices – have a range of 10 meters or 30 feet

· Class 1 radios – used primarily in industrial use cases – have a range of 100 meters or 300 feet

Bluetooth (Introduction)

Bluetooth wireless technology is a specification designed to enable wireless communication between small, mobile devices. The inspiration behind this technology was the concept to eliminate the need for proprietary cables, which are currently required to enable device connectivity. For instance, in order to transfer images from a digital camera or mobile phones to a laptop PC, a cable is needed in order to connect the camera or the mobile devices to the laptop. These wireless connections are established using a radio transceiver embedded within each Bluetooth device. The Bluetooth wireless interface is enabled via a radio transceiver which operates within the 2.4 GHz ISM band. The Bluetooth Radio is designed to operate in a noisy radio environment and to provide a fast, robust, and secure connection between devices. A full duplex data exchange rate of up to 1 Mb/s may be achieved in which a Time-Division Duplex

Bluetooth

Bluetooth wireless technology is a short-range communications technology intended to replace the cables connecting portable and/or fixeddevices while maintaining high levels of security. The Bluetooth specification defines a uniform structure for a wide range of devices to connect and communicate with each other. A fundamental Bluetooth wireless technology strength is the ability to simultaneously handle both data and voice transmissions.

Why 3g/UMTS

UMTS provides four class features such as:
• Conversational class (voice , video telephony , video gaming )
• Streaming class ( multimedia , video on demand ,web cast )
• Interactive class ( web browsing , network gaming ,database access)
• Background class ( email ,sms, downloading)
• UMTS offers cost efficient, WIDE AREA network coverage
• UMTS offers user bit rates up to 384 kbps in high mobility situations / 2 Mbps stationary, with a roadmap to >14 Mbps for low mobility/indoor use.
• 3G/UMTS offers great capacity and broadband capabilities with higher data rates at lower incremental cost than 2G.

3G Mobile

Not long after the introduction of 2G networks, projects began to develop third generation (3G) systems. Inevitably there were many different standards with different contenders pushing their own technologies. Quite differently from 2G systems, however, the meaning of 3G has been standardized in the IMT-2000 standardization processing. This process did not standardize on a technology, but rather on a set of requirements (2 Mbit/s maximum data rate indoors, 384 kbit/s outdoors, for example). At that point, the vision of a single unified worldwide standard broke down and several different standards have been introduced.

The first pre-commercial trial network with 3G was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in the Tokyo region in May 2001. NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial 3G network on October 1, 2001, using the WCDMA technology. In 2002 the first 3G networks on the rival CDMA2000 1xEV-DO technology were launched by SK Telecom and KTF in South Korea, and Monet in the USA. Monet has since gone bankrupt. By the end of 2002, the second WCDMA network was launched in Japan by Vodafone KK (now Softbank). In March the first European launches of 3G were in Italy and the UK by the Three/Hutchison group, on WCDMA. 2003 saw a further 8 commercial launches of 3G, six more on WCDMA and two more on the EV-DO standard.>>>>

2G Mobile

In the 1990s, 'second generation' (2G) mobile phone systems such as GSM, IS-136 ("TDMA"), iDEN and IS-95 ("CDMA") began to be introduced. In 1991 the first GSM network (Radiolinja) opened in Finland. 2G phone systems were characterized by digital circuit switched transmission and the introduction of advanced and fast phone to network signaling. In general the frequencies used by 2G systems in Europe were higher though with some overlap, for example the 900 MHz frequency range was used for both 1G and 2G systems in Europe and so such 1G systems were rapidly closed down to make space for 2G systems. In America the IS-54 standard was deployed in the same band as AMPS and displaced some of the existing analog channels. >>>>

1st Generation Mobile

On April 3, 1973, Motorola employee Dr. Martin Cooper placed a call to a rival, Dr. Joel S. Engel, head of research at AT&T's Bell Labs, while walking the streets of New York City talking on the first Motorola DynaTAC prototype in front of reporters. Motorola has a long history of making automotive radio, especially two-way radios for taxicabs and police cruisers.

In 1978, Bell Labs launched a trial of the first commercial cellular network in Chicago using AMPS [1], but this network was not approved by the FCC until 1982.

The first commercial launch of cellular telecoms was launched by NET in Tokyo Japan in 1979. In 1981 the NMT system was launched in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.

The first handheld mobile phone in the US market was the Motorola_Dyna 8000X, which received approval in 1983. >>>>

History of Mobile Phones

This history of mobile phones chronicles the development of handheld radio telephone technology from two-way radios in vehicles to handheld cellular items.

In the beginning, two-way radios (known as mobile rigs) were used in vehicles such as taxicabs, police cruisers, ambulances, and the like, but were not mobile phones because they were not normally connected to the telephone network. Users could not dial phone numbers from their mobile radios in their vehicles. A large community of mobile radio users, known as the mobileers, popularized the technology that would eventually give way to the mobile phone. Originally, mobile phones were permanently installed in vehicles, but later versions such as the so-called transportables or "bag phones" were equipped with a cigarette lighter plug so that they could also be carried, and thus could be used as either mobile or as portable two-way radios. During the early 1940s, Motorola developed a backpacked two-way radio, the Walkie-Talkie and later developed a large hand-held two-way radio for the US military. This battery powered "Handie-Talkie" (HT) was about the size of a man's forearm. >>>>>>

Intel and Micron Develop Ultra Fast NAND Flash Memory

Intel and Micron today unveiled a high speed NAND flash memory technology that can greatly enhance the access and transfer of data in devices that use silicon for storage.
The new technology ? developed jointly by Intel and Micron and manufactured by the companies? NAND flash joint venture, IM Flash Technologies (IMFT) ? is five times faster than conventional NAND, allowing data to be transferred in a fraction of the time for computing, video, photography and other computing applications.

The new high speed NAND can reach speeds up to 200 megabytes per second (MB/s) for reading data and 100 MB/s for writing data, achieved by leveraging the new ONFI 2.0 specification and a four-plane architecture with higher clock speeds. In comparison, conventional single level cell NAND is limited to 40 MB/s for reading data and less than 20 MB/s for writing data.

"The computing market is embracing NAND-based solutions to accelerate system performance through the use of caching and solid-state drives," said Pete Hazen, director of marketing, Intel NAND Products Group. "At up to five times the performance over conventional NAND, the high speed NAND from Intel and Micron, based on the ONFi 2.0 industry standard, will enable new embedded solutions and removable solutions that take advantage of high?performance system interfaces, including PCIe and upcoming standards such as USB 3.0."

The companies claim that the new NAND memory, when used in a hybrid hard drive, can allow the system to read and write data anywhere between two or four times the speed when compared to conventional hard drives. In addition, high speed NAND can enable a high-definition movie to be transferred in digital video cameras five times faster than conventional NAND. >>>>>>