Montevina (2008)

The codename Montevina refers to the fifth-generation Centrino platform, now formally named Centrino 2 to avoid confusion with previous Centrino platforms. It was scheduled for release at Computex Taipei 2008, which took place on June 3–7, 2008, but was delayed until July 15, due to problems with integrated graphics and wireless certification. Montevina supports Penryn, Intel's 45nm die-shrink version of Core 2 processors.

Mobile Chipset

An Intel Mobile 4 Express series chipset (codenamed Cantiga; GL40, GS45, GM45, GM47 or PM45) with Intel's GMA X4500 graphics technology and ICH9M southbridge, 1066 MT/s front side bus. The graphics core GM45/47 is expected to be clocked at 533/640MHz which will contain ten unified shaders, up from the eight provided by GMA X3100.
RAM support for DDR2-667, DDR2-800, DDR3-800, DDR3-1066 SO-DIMM.
NAND flash-memory caching branded as Intel Turbo Memory (codenamed Robson 2).
Gigabit Ethernet LAN controllers 82567LM and 82567LF (codenamed Boazman).
Main support for DisplayPort with an external connector attached to the motherboard along with full supplemental support of HDMI, DVI, and VGA standards.
Mobile Processor

Processors - Socket P / Micro-FCPGA / Micro-FCBGA
a second-generation Intel Core 2 Duo (codenamed Penryn) 45nm processor with 1066 MT/s FSB with clock speeds ranging from 2 GHz to 3.06 GHz, also featuring SSE4.1 support, which adds 47 new instructions to SSSE3. It is planned to consume no more than 29W, compared to Merom's and first-generation Penryn's 34W TDP.

Wireless Modules

Intel Ultimate N WiFi Link 5300 mini-PCIe adapter (codenamed Shirley Peak 3x3) supporting up to 450Mbps, or
Intel WiFi Link 5100 mini-PCIe adapter (codenamed Shirley Peak 1x2) supporting up to 300Mbps Rx / 150Mbps Tx, or
Intel WiMAX/WiFi Link 5350 mini-PCIe adapter (code-named Echo Peak-P) supporting both WiMAX and up to 450Mbps Wi-Fi, or
Intel WiMAX/WiFi Link 5150 mini-PCIe adapter (code-named Echo Peak-V) supporting both WiMAX and up to 300Mbps Rx / 150Mbps Tx Wi-Fi

Santa Rosa (2007)

The codename Santa Rosa refers to the fourth-generation Centrino platform, which was released on Wednesday May 9, 2007.
The Santa Rosa platform is branded as "Centrino Pro" when combined with the enhanced security technologies Intel introduced with vPro and "Centrino Duo" when they are not used. [2]

Mobile Chipset

An Intel Mobile 965 Express series chipset (codenamed Crestline): GM965 with Intel's GMA X3100 graphics technology or PM965 with discrete graphics, and ICH8M southbridge, 800 MT/s front side bus with Dynamic Front Side Bus Switching to save power during low utilization.
Intel Dynamic Acceleration (IDA), better Windows Vista Aero support.[3]
RAM supported for DDR2-533 and DDR2-667 SO-DIMM.
EFI-compliant firmware, a successor to BIOS.
optional NAND flash-memory caching branded as Intel Turbo Memory (codenamed Robson).

Mobile Processor

Processors - Socket P / Micro-FCPGA / Micro-FCBGA
an Intel Core 2 Duo (codenamed Merom) second generation processor with 800 MT/s FSB, or
an Intel Core 2 Duo (codenamed Penryn) 45nm processor with 800 MT/s FSB and SSE4.1, which will add 47 new instructions to SSSE3. It was scheduled for release in January 2008[4] for Santa Rosa Refresh platform.

Wireless Network

An Intel WiFi Link 4965AGN (a/b/g/draft-n) mini-PCIe Wi-Fi adapter (codenamed Kedron).
Wireless-N technology boasts a 5X speed increase, along with a 2X greater coverage area, and supports 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz signal bands, with enough bandwidth for high definition audio and video streams.[5].
The Santa Rosa platform comes with dynamic acceleration technology, allowing single threaded applications to execute faster. When a single threaded application is running, the CPU can turn off one of its cores and overclock the active core. In this way the CPU maintains the same Thermal Profile as it would when both cores are active. Santa Rosa performs well as a mobile gaming platform due to its ability to switch between single threaded and multithreaded tasks. [6] Other power savings come from an Enhanced Sleep state where both the CPU cores and the chipset will power down.The wireless chipset update was originally intended to include WWAN Internet access via HSDPA (3.5G), (codenamed Windigo) co-developed with Nokia.[7][8] After announcing a working partnership, both later retracted the deal citing the lack of a clear business case for the technology. Support for WiMAX (802.16) was originally scheduled for inclusion in Santa Rosa but appears to have been delayed until Montevina in 2008.

Napa (2007)

The codename Napa designates the third-generation Centrino platform, introduced in January 2006 at the Winter Consumer Electronics Show. The platform initially supported Intel Core Duo processors but the newer Core 2 Duo processors were launched and supported in this platform from July 27, 2006 onwards.

Mobile Chipset

An Intel Mobile 945 Express series chipset (codenamed Calistoga with Intel's GMA 950), including ICH7M southbridge.
RAM supported for DDR2-533 and DDR2-667 SO-DIMM.

Mobile Processor

Processors - Socket M / Micro-FCBGA
An Intel Core Solo, Core Duo (codenamed Yonah) processor, or
an Intel Core 2 Duo (codenamed Merom) processor with a 667 MT/s FSB for Napa Refresh platform, or
an Intel Core 2 Solo (codenamed Merom) processor with 553 MT/s FSB for Napa Refresh platform (Sept 2007).

Wireless Network

An Intel PRO/Wireless 3945ABG mini-PCIe Wi-Fi adapter (codenamed Golan).
Some newer models (as of 1st quarter 2007) of the Napa Refresh platform contain the newer 4965AGN (a/b/g/draft-n) wireless cards. Intel uses Centrino Duo branding for laptops with dual-core (Core Duo) and (Core 2 Duo) processors and retains the Centrino name for laptops with single core (Core Solo) processors. Some of the initial Core Duo laptops, are still labeled as Intel Centrino rather than Centrino Duo.

Sonoma (2005)

Intel used Sonoma as the codename for the second-generation Centrino platform, introduced in January 2005.

Mobile Chipset

An Intel Mobile 915 Express series chipset (codenamed Alviso with Intel's GMA 900), DDR2-533.
An Intel Pentium M processor (codenamed Dothan) with a 533 MT/s FSB, Socket 479.

Wireless Network
An Intel PRO/Wireless 2200BG or 2915ABG mini-PCI Wi-Fi adapter (both codenamed Calexico2).

The Mobile 915 Express chipset, like its desktop version, supports many new features such as DDR2, PCI Express, Intel High Definition Audio, and SATA. Unfortunately, the introduction of PCI Express and faster Pentium M processors causes laptops built around the Sonoma platform to have a shorter battery-life than their Carmel counterparts; Sonoma laptops typically achieve between 3.5-4.6 hours of battery-life on a 53 W-h battery.

Carmel (2008)

Intel used Carmel as the codename for the first-generation Centrino platform, introduced in March 2003.

Mobile Chipset
An Intel 855 series chipset (codenamed Odem or Montara with Intel Extreme Graphics 2), DDR-266 or DDR-333.

Mobile processor
An Intel Pentium M processor (codenamed Banias or later Dothan) with a 400 MT/s FSB, Socket 479.

Wireless Network
An Intel PRO/Wireless 2100B (codenamed Calexico) or later 2200BG mini-PCI Wi-Fi adapter (codenamed Calexico2).
Industry-watchers initially criticized the Carmel platform for its lack of an IEEE 802.11g-solution, because many independent Wi-Fi chip-makers like Broadcom and Atheros had already started shipping 802.11g products. Intel responded that the IEEE had not finalized the 802.11g standard at the time of Carmel's launch, and that it only wanted to launch products based on a finalized standard. In early 2004, after the finalization of the 802.11g standard, Intel permitted an Intel PRO/Wireless 2200BG to substitute for the 2100. At the same time, they permitted the new Dothan Pentium M to substitute for the Banias Pentium M. Initially, Intel permitted only the 855GM chipset, which did not support external graphics. Later, Intel allowed the 855GME and 855PM chips, which did support external graphics, in Centrino laptops.
Despite criticisms, the Carmel platform won quick acceptance among OEMs and consumers. Carmel could attain or exceed the performance of older Pentium 4-M platforms, while allowing for laptops to operate for 4 to 5 hours on a 48 W-h battery. Carmel also allowed laptop manufacturers to create thinner and lighter laptops because its components did not dissipate much heat, and thus did not require large cooling systems.

Centrino

Components of the Centrino platform. From right, clockwise: Intel PRO/Wireless network adapter, Intel mobile southbridge chipset, Intel mobile processor, and Intel mobile northbridge chipset.
Centrino is a platform-marketing initiative from Intel. It is not a mobile CPU - rather, the term covers a particular combination of mainboard chipset, mobile CPU and wireless network interface in the design of a laptop. Intel claimed that systems equipped with these technologies should deliver better performance, longer battery life and broad wireless network interoperability.

Laptop Future Technology

The New Mac Mini Concept by A Mac Mini User:
There are millions of fans of the Apple Macbooks who look forward to unique and improved versions of the laptops. The Mac mini is an innovative concept by Sait Alanyali that makes the Macbook look even more interesting. The color is classic white with the logo of Apple engraved on it (Sait is a huge Apple fan). The screen is spacious enough to be viewed with great precision. The exterior designs resemble a box which makes it look more compact and elegant. The appearance of the Mac mini gives a feel that it is extremely portable and can be carried easily on tours and for any other outdoor activities.
The design is fictional and do not support to suggest or inter any current or emerging product design efforts by Apple Computer Inc.

SmartBook : Mobility Computing Device Concept:

SmartBook the new mobility computing device designed by Roland Cernat is definitely a multi tasking instrument to the core. At the first look it looks like any laptop but on closer look one can see that it surely can be used more than just a laptop. On the back of the screen is the digital writing pad on which one can just scribble with the digital pen which is kept under the keyboard. The good thing about this device is that it can be customized or adapted as per individual and their abilities, a multi-functional computing device.

Tablet Mac Computer Concept:

There are lots of good options available on the web for a sleek, stylish and elegant laptop. But if you wish to have something unique that you can show off, then Other World Computing has come up with a future trend of computers for you, which is known as “Tablet Mac Computer”. This laptop doesn’t need a keyboard and extremely practical for business professionals, artists and technology leaders. The most appealing part in this 13.3 inch widescreen LCD is that it will enable one to inscribe on the screen with true pen and Handwriting recognition. This sleek laptop will hit the market with all essential features such as internal CD/DVD combo drive, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi capabilities and Global Positioning System.

Solar Powered Notebook Concept :
This solar notebook concept is a laptop with complete power independent. Its independence is due to powerful batteries that are recharged by wide Solar Panel attached to the computer. Equipped with satellite link GPS, internet access, and satellite telephone which makes this device not only power independent but also universal tool for communication and exchange information literally from any spot on the planet.
The solar panel may be completely detached from the main body to be put away for recharging, then smaller battery inside the computer is on. This small battery is recharged with solar power too when DC is plugged in.
This sure do will come in handy for scientists or researchers who work far away from civilization and power source.

For more Information Visit :http://www.tuvie.com/category/laptop

LapTops

M-TECH Laptops Technology:

M-TECH addresses all user needs through providing notebooks spanning the range from entry-level to high-end technology.M-TECH notebooks and LCD PC systems, powered by Intel family of Intel Pentium 4 processors, are built on a customized basis so that clients can select the individual configurations they require. M-TECH systems offer stylish all-in-one design, superb performance, upgrade ability and latest computing technology. M-TECH Corporation is based on the philosophy that the workplace PC, the home computer, and the laptop can all be replaced by a single, portable solution - the Desktop Replacement Notebook or LCD PC. M-TECH's Desktop Replacement Notebooks make conventional systems redundant by offering all the amenities of high-end computers in a portable package. All M-TECH products are engineered for highest quality, best performance, long-term stability and serviceability. Throughout its history, M-TECH Corporation has remained years ahead of the competition by matching current high-end desktop technology while incorporating products on the verge of reaching their zenith. The company has produced many firsts, such as manufacturing the first notebook with a 15.1-inch LCD panel and a full-size, 102-key, keyboard. Today, M-TECH is the leading manufacturer of innovative mobile computing technology.
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1 Gigabit LAN

Communication:

Modern organizations depend upon their local-area networks (LANs) to provide connectivity for a growing number of complex, mission-critical desktop computing applications. As the volume of network traffic increases, however, the bandwidth offered by a typical 10/100 Mbps Ethernet LAN quickly becomes inadequate to maintain acceptable performance for a growing number of notebook/desktop/server computing environments. These traffic jams are fueling the need for higher-speed networks. Among the high-speed LAN technologies available today 1 Gigabit Ethernet has become the leading choice. Gigabit Ethernet provides 1 Gbps bandwidth for networks with the simplicity of Ethernet at lower cost than other technologies of comparable speed.Many of latest applications require the transmission of large files over the network. Scientific applications demand ultra-high bandwidth networks to communicate 3-D visualizations of complex objects ranging from molecules to aircraft. Magazines, brochures and other complex, full-color publications prepared on notebook computers are transmitted directly to digital-input printing facilities. Many medical facilities are transmitting complex images over LAN and WAN links, enabling the sharing of expensive equipment and specialized medical expertise. Engineers are using electronic and mechanical design automation tools to work interactively in distributed development teams, sharing files in the hundreds of gigabytes.Many companies are now employing Internet technologies to build private intranets, enabling users in an organization to go beyond electronic mail and access critical data through familiar Web browsers, opening the door to a new generation of multimedia client/server applications. While intranet traffic is currently composed primarily of text, graphics and images, this is expected to expand in the near future to include more bandwidth-intensive audio, video and voice.

Storage:
Card readers are an easy solution for downloading files from portable media cards. Now you can easily load and transfer files from all of your media cards. Internal 6-in-1 Card Reader:
Goes into a 3.5" FDD bay, and connects to an available USB port
Reads/writes Compact Flash, Smart Media, Memory Stick, Multimedia Card, Secure Digital media and IBM Microdrive cards
Supports hot swapping between cards
Supports copying among different media or cards
Automatic card detection
Low power consumption
USB Plug and Play for Win98SE/2000/ME/XP/VISTA

Wireless Communication:
802.11 -- applies to wireless LANs and provides 1 or 2 Mbps transmission in the 2.4 GHz band using either frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) or direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS).
802.11a -- an extension to 802.11 that applies to wireless LANs and provides up to 54 Mbps in the 5GHz band. 802.11a uses an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing encoding scheme rather than FHSS or DSSS.
802.11b (also referred to as 802.11 High Rate or Wi-Fi) -- an extension to 802.11 that applies to wireless LANS and provides 11 Mbps transmission (with a fallback to 5.5, 2 and 1 Mbps) in the 2.4 GHz band. 802.11b uses only DSSS. 802.11b was a 1999 ratification to the original 802.11 standard, allowing wireless functionality comparable to Ethernet.
802.11g -- applies to wireless LANs and provides 20+ Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band.
http://www.webopedia.com/

Graphics :
ATI MOBILITY™ RADEON™ 9600 graphics card is the premium solution for persuasive presentations, real-time games and home entertainment on all the latest displays. With longer lasting battery life and an easy to upgrade architecture, MOBILITY RADEON 9600 delivers premium 3D performance with vivid, cinematic quality graphics. Accelerate the visual features in today’s most popular business and home multimedia applications and reward yourself with the freedom to perform anywhere, anytime.
http://www.eurocom.com/bussolutions/www.ati.com

Bluetooth:
(Wireless Communication )
Bluetooth is an open specification for a cutting-edge technology that enables short-range wireless connections between desktop and laptop computers, personal digital assistants, cellular phones, printers, scanners, digital cameras and even home appliances — on a globally available band (2.4GHz) for worldwide compatibility. In a nutshell, Bluetooth unplugs your digital peripherals and makes cable clutter a thing of the past. With Bluetooth technology, you can link your Palm OS-based handheld device, Bluetooth-enabled cell phone and peripherals with your notebooks or LCD PCs — and do it wirelessly, within a 30-foot range. The name refers to a Viking King who unified Denmark.
http://www.eurocom.com/bussolutions/www.bluetooth.com

Video:
With the built-in PC camera you'll be able to do video conferencing right on your notebook. Whether you need to take pictures of yourself and the surroundings to quickly email them back to your loved ones or to the office from a hotspot using the integrated wireless LAN, or you're planning to do conference calling, it definitely comes in handy. And ladies, you can even apply makeup using the PC camera as if it were a mirror or see what your child or partner is doing behind your back while you are busy working on your laptop...

Interface(DVI):
DVI (Digital Video Interface) is a specification created by the Digital Display Working Group (DDWG) to accommodate analog and digital monitors with a single connector. There are three different DVI configurations:DVI-A, designed for analog signals, DVI-D, designed for digital signals, and DVI-I (integrated), designed for both analog and digital signals.Using a DVI connector and port, a digital signal that is sent to an analog monitor is converted into an analog signal. If the monitor is a digital monitor, such as a flat panel display, no conversion is necessary. Many monitors now include a DVI connection and many video adapters include a DVI port along with, or instead of, the traditional 15-pin Video Graphics Array (VGA) port.
http://whatis.techtarget.com/

Interface(FireWire IEEE1394 ):
With more than 30 times the bandwidth of the popular USB 1.1 peripheral standard, FireWire 400 has been the gold standard for high-speed data transfer. With its high data-transfer speed, FireWire IEEE 1394 is the interface of choice for today’s digital audio and video devices, as well as external hard drives and other high-speed peripherals. Now transferring data at up to 800 Mbps, FireWire 800 delivers more than double the effective bandwidth of the USB 2.0 peripheral standard. That means you can send more than a CD’s worth of data every ten seconds.
http://www.eurocom.com/bussolutions/www.firewire.com

CPU(Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor with HT Technology):
Power for the passionate gamer and advanced performance for advanced users, the Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor with HT Technology Extreme Edition delivers an incredible experience for those uses who need processing power for today's most advanced applications.Designed specifically for those who know their technology and crave high performance, this processor runs at 3.20 GHz with an advanced 800 MHz system bus and a whopping 2MB of L3 cache. Built-in Hyper-Threading Technology (HT Technology) provides immediate value in today's computing environment by enabling the processor to simultaneously execute two software program threads. This lets you run two software applications in parallel without sacrificing performance. Based on Intel NetBurst microarchitecture and built on Intel's 0.13-micron technology, the Pentium 4 Processor with HT Technology Extreme Edition delivers reliable performance for gamers and power users who demand processing strength to handle today's most advanced applications.
http://www.eurocom.com/bussolutions/www.intel.com

CPU(Intel® Centrino™ Mobile Technology):
Intel® Centrino™ mobile technology is Intel's new technology designed specifically for mobile computing with built-in wireless LAN capability and breakthrough mobile performance. It also enables extended battery life and sleek, easy-to-carry notebook PCs. This is Intel's first integrated computing technology designed from the ground up for wireless notebook PCs.Now you can work, play and connect without wires. And choose from a whole new generation of thin, light notebooks designed to enable extended battery life.This new innovative technology enables:- Integrated wireless LAN capability- Breakthrough mobile performance- Extended battery life- Thinner, lighter designs
http://www.eurocom.com/bussolutions/www.intel.com

CPU(Prescott Processor):
The Prescott Processor is the code name for a new generation of IA-32 processors. The technology incorporates an enhanced Intel® NetBurst™ micro architecture. Other key features of the Prescott Processor include:
Support for Hyper-Threading Technology
Prescott New Instructions (PNI) support
Deeper pipelining to enable higher frequency
A High-speed System Bus The Prescott Processor improves on the Pentium® 4 processor's hyper-pipelined technology to achieve even higher clock rates than previous generations of Pentium 4 processors. At the same time, the new processor has larger first-level and second-level caches, more store buffers, write combining buffers. PNI support does not require new OS support for saving and restoring the new state during a context switch, beyond that provided for Streaming SIMD Extensions. The PNI set is fully compatible with all software written for Intel® architecture microprocessors.
http://www.eurocom.com/bussolutions/www.intel.com

Audio(Subwoofer):
Subwoofer is a standalone or integrate loudspeaker device specifically designed to reproduce the lowest most (non specially locatable) bass frequencies for a room or auto Music Reproduction or Home Theatre presentation system. In short, it is an extra low frequency add on speaker for your notebook that allows you to hear and feel very low frequency sounds not clearly reproduced by standard speakers. The M-TECH D470W Extreme notebook offers enhanced 4 speakers stereo surround sound with an additional subwoofer.

Link....

Electronics Equipments

Multimeter:

A multimeter or a multitester, also known as a volt/ohm meter or VOM, is an electronic measuring instrument that combines several functions in one unit. A standard multimeter may include features such as the ability to measure voltage, current and resistance. There are two categories of multimeters, analog multimeters (or analogue multimeters in British English) and digital multimeters (often abbreviated DMM or DVOM.)
A multimeter can be a hand-held device useful for basic fault finding and field service work or a bench instrument which can measure to a very high degree of accuracy. They can be used to troubleshoot electrical problems in a wide array of industrial and household devices such as batteries, motor controls, appliances, power supplies, and wiring systems.
Multimeters are available in a wide ranges of features and prices. Cheap multimeters can cost less than US$10, while the top of the line multimeters can cost more than US$5000.

Contemporary multimeters can measure many quantities. The common ones are:
Voltage in volts.
Current in amperes.
Resistance in ohms.
Additionally, multimeters may also measure:
Capacitance in farads.
Frequency in hertz
Duty cycle as a percentage.
Temperature in degrees Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Conductance in siemens.
Inductance in henrys
Audio signal levels in decibels.
Digital multimeters may also include circuits for:
Continuity that beeps when a circuit conducts.
Diodes and Transistors
Various sensors can be attached to multimeters to take measurements such as:
Light level
Acidity/Alkalinity(pH)
Wind speed
Relative humidity

Eelctronics History

Electronics:
Elctronics refers to the flow of charge (moving electrons) through nonmetal conductors (mainly semiconductors), whereas electrical refers to the flow of charge through metal conductors. For example, flow of charge through silicon, which is not a metal, would come under electronics; whereas flow of charge through copper, which is a metal, would come under electrical. This distinction started around 1906 with the invention by Lee De Forest of the triode. Until 1950 this field was called "Radio techniques" because its principal application was the design and theory of radio transmitters, receivers and vacuum tubes.

The study of semiconductor devices and related technology is considered a branch of physics whereas the design and construction of electronic circuits to solve practical problems comes under electronics engineering. This article focuses on engineering aspects.

Terminology (Elecrical Engineering):
The name electrical engineering is still used to cover electronic engineering amongst some of the older (notably American) universities and graduates there are called electrical engineers. The distinction between electronic and electrical engineers is becoming more and more distinct. While electrical engineers utilize voltage and current to deliver power, electronic engineers utilize voltage and current to deliver information.
Some people believe the term electrical engineer should be reserved for those having specialised in power and heavy current or high voltage engineering, while others believe that power is just one subset of electrical engineering (and indeed the term power engineering is used in that industry). Again, in recent years there has been a growth of new separate-entry degree courses such as information and communication engineering, often followed by academic departments of similar name.
Most of the European universities now refer electrical engineering as power engineers and make distinction between both Electrical and Electronics Engineering. Beginning in the 1980s, the term computer engineer was often used to refer to electronic or information engineers; however, computer engineering is now considered more a subset of electronic engineering and the term is becoming archaic