Home Theatre System - 6200 P.M.P.O

Features :
1.5.1 Home Theatre System With Display and Remote
Output Power : 6200 Watts P.M.P.O,Professionally designed 2.built-in amplifier,subwoofer and satellite speaker designed,5.25" professionally enhanced subwoofer driver.
3.Outside heat sink designed,Dynamic bass boost, Low distortion.
4.The system can be connected to DVD and any other Audio output equipment.
5.The system is magnetically shielded which can be put near the monitor or TV and without magnetic influence.
6.Remote Control designed,AUX and 5.1 CH switch Function,Point hoster Power are pointing remote control on Power machine start job aboard first.
7.When playing the music,adjust all control knob to demanding level,Power Output : 30 W + 10W X 5
8.Frequency Response : BASS : 10Hz ~ 300Hz Front Surround : 220Hz ~ 45Khz S/N : > 60dB
Seperation :> 40dB Speaker : SubWoofer 5.25" + 3" X 5 + 1.5" x 2
Control : Volume , Mute, Menu, 5.1 /AUX / Remote
9.Accessories : Subwoofer Speaker :1 pcs Satellite Speaker : 5 pcs Audio Cable : 6 pcs User Manual: 1 pcs Remote Control :1 pcs

TOSHIBA Laptop - Satellite Portege M400

Features : 1.Model Name Portege M400

2.Part Code PPM40L 00E00F

3.Processor Intel Core Duo T2400

4.Speed 1.66 Ghz

5.RAM 512MB DDR II

6.Hard Disk 80 GB

7.DVD-R CD-RW DVD Combo

8.Display 12.1" XGA

9.Graphic Card Shared

10.Color/ Infra-red/ Bluetooth Titamium Silver/BT

11.Wi-Fi Internal 802.

11a/b/g Intel WIFI card.

12.Ports 3*USB 2.0, RGB, ieee 1394,4-in-1 card reader, External microphone, Headphone, RJ-13.11,RJ-45, DC-in14.Battery Back up 6 cell15.Weight 2.1Kg16.OS XP Tab

LENOVO Desktop Computer - Thinkcentre A55 8985xxx

Features :
1=Intel Dual Core 1.8 Ghz ( E2160 )
2=Intel 946 Gv Motherboard With Gigabit Lan & PCI Exp Slot
3=512 MB DDR II 667 Mhz
4=160 GB Sata Hard Disk
5=DVD +CD Rw Combo Drive
6=DOS
7=Warranty Status : 3 Years Limited WarrantyShipment Time : 7 DaysSeller Type : Trader

Crude Oil Distillation System

This distillation system is designed for the distillation of crude oil and petroleum products. Crude oil distillation can be complex and time consuming. Our crude oil distillation system includes everything needed to perform the ASTM methods, D2892 and D5236, for distilling crude oil. The system’s automation minimizes the operator time needed to perform the test. The equipment design makes the test straightforward and easier to perform.

Distillation Column Configuration

The crude oil distillation system can come in a wide variety of configurations with single or multiple distillation columns.

The packed column configuration is used to distill the crude oil up to a maximum 450°C atmospheric equivalent vapor temperature. It is sometimes called true boiling point distillation or D2892. The distillation column has 15 theoretical plates and complies fully with ASTM D2892. Pot sizes of 2 to 100 liters are available.

A variety of column packing types are available including Propak, Helipak, and structured packing. Other packing types are also available.

The vacuum pot still configuration is typically used to distill the residual material from the D2892 distillation out to atmospheric equivalent vapor temperatures up to 565°C or higher. The vacuum pot still complies fully with ASTM D5236. Pot sizes of 1 to 22 liters are available.More >>>>

Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA)

Mobile Broadband Wireless Access (MBWA) is a technology being developed by IEEE 802.20 and is aimed at wireless mobile broadband for operations from 75 to 220 mph (120 to 350 km/h). The 802.20 standard committee was first to define many of the methods which were later funneled into Mobile WiMAX, including high speed dynamic modulation and similar scalable OFDMA capabilities. It apparently retains fast hand-off, Forward Error Correction (FEC) and cell edge enhancements.

The Working Group was temporarily suspended in mid-2006 by the IEEE-SA Standards Board because it had been the subject of a number of appeals. A preliminary investigation of one of these "revealed a lack of transparency, possible 'dominance,' and other irregularities in the Working Group".^[20]

In September 2006, the IEEE-SA Standards Board approved a plan to enable the working group to continue under new conditions, and the standard is now expected to be completed by Q2 2008.

Qualcomm, a leading company behind 802.20, has dropped support for continued development in order to focus on LTE. >>>>

Wimax

WiMAX, meaning Worldwide Inter-operability for Microwave Access, is a telecommunications technology that provides wireless transmission of data using a variety of transmission modes, from point-to-multipoint links to portable and fully mobile internet access. The technology provides up to 72 Mbit/s symmetric broadband speed without the need for cables. The technology is based on the IEEE 802.16 standard (also called Broadband Wireless Access). The name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard. The forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL" .

Early WirelessMAN standards, the European standard HiperMAN and Korean standard WiBro have been harmonized as part of WiMAX and are no longer seen as competition but as complementary. All networks now being deployed in South Korea, the home of the WiBro standard, are now WiMAX.

As a short-range mobile Internet technology, such as in cafes and at transportation hubs like airports, the popular Wi-Fi 802.11b/g system is widely deployed, and provides enough coverage for some users to feel subscription to a WiMAX service is unnecessary. >>>>

Network Security (Wi-Fi)

During the early popular adoption of 802.11, providing open access points for anyone within range to use was encouraged to cultivate wireless community networks;^[13] particularly since people on average use only a fraction of their upstream bandwidth at any given time. Later, equipment manufacturers and mass-media advocated isolating users to a predetermined whitelist of authorized users—referred to as "securing" the access point.

Measures to deter unauthorized users include suppressing the AP's SSID broadcast, allowing only computers with known MAC addresses to join the network, and various encryption standards. Suppressed SSID and MAC filtering are ineffective security methods as the SSID is broadcast in the open in response to a client SSID query and a MAC address can easily be spoofed. If the eavesdropper has the ability to change his MAC address, then he can potentially join the network by spoofing an authorized address.

WEP encryption can protect against casual snooping, but may also produce a misguided sense of security since freely available tools such as AirSnort or aircrack can quickly recover WEP encryption keys. Once it has seen 5-10 million encrypted packets, AirSnort can determine the encryption password in under a second;^[14] newer tools such as aircrack-ptw can use Klein's attack to crack a WEP key with a 50% success rate using only 40,000 packets. The newer Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) and IEEE 802.11i (WPA2) encryption standards resolve most of the serious weaknesses of WEP encryption.

Attackers who have gained access to a Wi-Fi network can use DNS spoofing attacks very effectively against any other user of the network, because they can see the DNS requests made, and often respond with a spoofed answer before the queried DNS server has a chance to reply.>>>>

Uses of Wi-Fi

A Wi-Fi enabled device such as a PC, game console, mobile phone, MP3 player or PDA can connect to the Internet when within range of a wireless network connected to the Internet. The coverage of one or more interconnected access points — called a hotspot — can comprise an area as small as a single room with wireless-opaque walls or as large as many square miles covered by overlapping access points. Wi-Fi technology has served to set up mesh networks, for example, in London.^[1] Both architectures can operate in community networks.

In addition to restricted use in homes and offices, Wi-Fi can make access publicly available at Wi-Fi hotspots provided either free of charge or to subscribers to various providers. Organizations and businesses such as airports, hotels and restaurants often provide free hotspots to attract or assist clients. Enthusiasts or authorities who wish to provide services or even to promote business in a given area sometimes provide free Wi-Fi access. Metropolitan-wide Wi-Fi (Muni-Fi) already^[update] has more than 300 projects in process.^[2] There were 879 Wi-Fi based Wireless Internet service providers in the Czech Republic as of May 2008.

As of 2007 Wi-Fi technology had spread widely within business and industrial sites. In business environments, just like other environments, increasing the number of Wi-Fi access-points provides redundancy, support for fast roaming and increased overall network-capacity by using more channels or by defining smaller cells. Wi-Fi enables wireless voice-applications (VoWLAN or WVOIP). Over the years, Wi-Fi implementations have moved toward "thin" access-points, with more of the network intelligence housed in a centralized network appliance, relegating individual access-points to the role of mere "dumb" radios. Outdoor applications may utilize true mesh topologies. As of 2007 Wi-Fi installations can provide a secure computer networking gateway, firewall, DHCP server, intrusion detection system, and other functions.

>>>>

Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance, founded in 1999 as Wireless Internet Compatibility Alliance (WICA), comprising more than 300 companies, whose products are certified by the Wi-Fi Alliance, based on the IEEE 802.11 standards (also called Wireless LAN (WLAN) and Wi-Fi). This certification warrants interoperability between different wireless devices.

The alliance was founded because many products did not correctly implement IEEE 802.11 and some included proprietary extensions. This led to incompatibilities between products from different manufacturers.

The Wi-Fi Alliance tests the wireless components to their own terms of reference. Products that pass become Wi-Fi certified and may carry the Wi-Fi logo. Only products of Wi-Fi Members are tested, because they pay membership and per-item fees. Absence of the Wi-Fi logo does not necessarily mean non-compliance with the standard.

In France, Poland, the United States, and some other countries, the term Wi-Fi often is used by the public as a synonym for wireless Internet (WLAN); but not every wireless Internet product has a Wi-Fi certification, which may be because of certification costs that must be paid for each certified device type. >>>>

Applications of Bluetooth

Bluetooth has a tremendous potential in moving and synchronizing information in a localized setting. Potential for Bluetooth applications is huge, because we transact business and communicate more with people who are close by than with those who are far away - a natural phenomenon of human interaction. The following list represents only a small set of potential applications - in future many more imaginative applications will come along:

• By installing a Bluetooth network in your office you can do away with the complex and tedious task of networking between the computing devices, yet have the power of connected devices. No longer would you be bound to fixed locations where you can connect to the network. Each Bluetooth device could be connected to 200 other devices making the connection of every device with every other possible. Since it supports both point to point and point to multipoint it will virtually make the maximum number of simultaneously linked devices unlimited.

• The Bluetooth technology connects all your office peripherals wirelessly. Connect your PC or notebook to printers, scanners and faxes without the ugly and trouble some cable attachments. You can increase your freedom by connecting your mouse or the keyboard wirelessly to your computer.

• If your digital cameras in Bluetooth enabled, you can send still or video images from any location to any location without the hassle of connecting your camera to the mobile phone on the wireline phone.

• Bluetooth allows us to have three way phones. At home, your phone functions as a portable phone (fixed line charge). When you're on the move, it functions as a mobile phone (cellular charge). And when your phone comes within range of another mobile phone with built-in Bluetooth wireless technology it functions as a walkie-talkie (no telephony charge).

• In meetings and conferences you can transfer selected documents instantly with selected participants, and exchange electronic business cards automatically, without any wired connections.

• Connect your wireless headset to your mobile phone, mobile computer or any wired connection to keep your hands free for more important tasks when you're at the office or in your car.

• Have automatic synchronization of your desktop, mobile computer, notebook (PC-PDA and PC-HPC) and your mobile phone. For instance, as soon as you enter your office the address list and calendar in your notebook will automatically be updated to agree with the one in your desktop, or vice versa.

• Automatic Message Delivery: Compose e-mails on your portable PC while you're on an airplane. As soon as you've landed and switched on your mobile phone, all messages are immediately sent.

• Upon arriving at your home, the door automatically unlocks for you, the entry way lights come on, and the heat is adjusted to your pre-set preferences.

• IBM researchers are working on a number of personal devices like a WatchPad that could be connected with other devices through Bluetooth. The Watch Pad is very thin and contains 8MB of RAM. They are also working on a version of CyberPhone called CyberPhone - that can project data onto a small mirror. The CyberPhone can show as much information as a small PDA because of high resolution VGA screen.

Range of Bluetooth

The operating range depends on the device class:

· Class 3 radios – have a range of up to 1 meter or 3 feet

· Class 2 radios – most commonly found in mobile devices – have a range of 10 meters or 30 feet

· Class 1 radios – used primarily in industrial use cases – have a range of 100 meters or 300 feet

Bluetooth (Introduction)

Bluetooth wireless technology is a specification designed to enable wireless communication between small, mobile devices. The inspiration behind this technology was the concept to eliminate the need for proprietary cables, which are currently required to enable device connectivity. For instance, in order to transfer images from a digital camera or mobile phones to a laptop PC, a cable is needed in order to connect the camera or the mobile devices to the laptop. These wireless connections are established using a radio transceiver embedded within each Bluetooth device. The Bluetooth wireless interface is enabled via a radio transceiver which operates within the 2.4 GHz ISM band. The Bluetooth Radio is designed to operate in a noisy radio environment and to provide a fast, robust, and secure connection between devices. A full duplex data exchange rate of up to 1 Mb/s may be achieved in which a Time-Division Duplex

Bluetooth

Bluetooth wireless technology is a short-range communications technology intended to replace the cables connecting portable and/or fixeddevices while maintaining high levels of security. The Bluetooth specification defines a uniform structure for a wide range of devices to connect and communicate with each other. A fundamental Bluetooth wireless technology strength is the ability to simultaneously handle both data and voice transmissions.

Why 3g/UMTS

UMTS provides four class features such as:
• Conversational class (voice , video telephony , video gaming )
• Streaming class ( multimedia , video on demand ,web cast )
• Interactive class ( web browsing , network gaming ,database access)
• Background class ( email ,sms, downloading)
• UMTS offers cost efficient, WIDE AREA network coverage
• UMTS offers user bit rates up to 384 kbps in high mobility situations / 2 Mbps stationary, with a roadmap to >14 Mbps for low mobility/indoor use.
• 3G/UMTS offers great capacity and broadband capabilities with higher data rates at lower incremental cost than 2G.

3G Mobile

Not long after the introduction of 2G networks, projects began to develop third generation (3G) systems. Inevitably there were many different standards with different contenders pushing their own technologies. Quite differently from 2G systems, however, the meaning of 3G has been standardized in the IMT-2000 standardization processing. This process did not standardize on a technology, but rather on a set of requirements (2 Mbit/s maximum data rate indoors, 384 kbit/s outdoors, for example). At that point, the vision of a single unified worldwide standard broke down and several different standards have been introduced.

The first pre-commercial trial network with 3G was launched by NTT DoCoMo in Japan in the Tokyo region in May 2001. NTT DoCoMo launched the first commercial 3G network on October 1, 2001, using the WCDMA technology. In 2002 the first 3G networks on the rival CDMA2000 1xEV-DO technology were launched by SK Telecom and KTF in South Korea, and Monet in the USA. Monet has since gone bankrupt. By the end of 2002, the second WCDMA network was launched in Japan by Vodafone KK (now Softbank). In March the first European launches of 3G were in Italy and the UK by the Three/Hutchison group, on WCDMA. 2003 saw a further 8 commercial launches of 3G, six more on WCDMA and two more on the EV-DO standard.>>>>

2G Mobile

In the 1990s, 'second generation' (2G) mobile phone systems such as GSM, IS-136 ("TDMA"), iDEN and IS-95 ("CDMA") began to be introduced. In 1991 the first GSM network (Radiolinja) opened in Finland. 2G phone systems were characterized by digital circuit switched transmission and the introduction of advanced and fast phone to network signaling. In general the frequencies used by 2G systems in Europe were higher though with some overlap, for example the 900 MHz frequency range was used for both 1G and 2G systems in Europe and so such 1G systems were rapidly closed down to make space for 2G systems. In America the IS-54 standard was deployed in the same band as AMPS and displaced some of the existing analog channels. >>>>

1st Generation Mobile

On April 3, 1973, Motorola employee Dr. Martin Cooper placed a call to a rival, Dr. Joel S. Engel, head of research at AT&T's Bell Labs, while walking the streets of New York City talking on the first Motorola DynaTAC prototype in front of reporters. Motorola has a long history of making automotive radio, especially two-way radios for taxicabs and police cruisers.

In 1978, Bell Labs launched a trial of the first commercial cellular network in Chicago using AMPS [1], but this network was not approved by the FCC until 1982.

The first commercial launch of cellular telecoms was launched by NET in Tokyo Japan in 1979. In 1981 the NMT system was launched in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden.

The first handheld mobile phone in the US market was the Motorola_Dyna 8000X, which received approval in 1983. >>>>

History of Mobile Phones

This history of mobile phones chronicles the development of handheld radio telephone technology from two-way radios in vehicles to handheld cellular items.

In the beginning, two-way radios (known as mobile rigs) were used in vehicles such as taxicabs, police cruisers, ambulances, and the like, but were not mobile phones because they were not normally connected to the telephone network. Users could not dial phone numbers from their mobile radios in their vehicles. A large community of mobile radio users, known as the mobileers, popularized the technology that would eventually give way to the mobile phone. Originally, mobile phones were permanently installed in vehicles, but later versions such as the so-called transportables or "bag phones" were equipped with a cigarette lighter plug so that they could also be carried, and thus could be used as either mobile or as portable two-way radios. During the early 1940s, Motorola developed a backpacked two-way radio, the Walkie-Talkie and later developed a large hand-held two-way radio for the US military. This battery powered "Handie-Talkie" (HT) was about the size of a man's forearm. >>>>>>

Intel and Micron Develop Ultra Fast NAND Flash Memory

Intel and Micron today unveiled a high speed NAND flash memory technology that can greatly enhance the access and transfer of data in devices that use silicon for storage.
The new technology ? developed jointly by Intel and Micron and manufactured by the companies? NAND flash joint venture, IM Flash Technologies (IMFT) ? is five times faster than conventional NAND, allowing data to be transferred in a fraction of the time for computing, video, photography and other computing applications.

The new high speed NAND can reach speeds up to 200 megabytes per second (MB/s) for reading data and 100 MB/s for writing data, achieved by leveraging the new ONFI 2.0 specification and a four-plane architecture with higher clock speeds. In comparison, conventional single level cell NAND is limited to 40 MB/s for reading data and less than 20 MB/s for writing data.

"The computing market is embracing NAND-based solutions to accelerate system performance through the use of caching and solid-state drives," said Pete Hazen, director of marketing, Intel NAND Products Group. "At up to five times the performance over conventional NAND, the high speed NAND from Intel and Micron, based on the ONFi 2.0 industry standard, will enable new embedded solutions and removable solutions that take advantage of high?performance system interfaces, including PCIe and upcoming standards such as USB 3.0."

The companies claim that the new NAND memory, when used in a hybrid hard drive, can allow the system to read and write data anywhere between two or four times the speed when compared to conventional hard drives. In addition, high speed NAND can enable a high-definition movie to be transferred in digital video cameras five times faster than conventional NAND. >>>>>>

Montevina (2008)

The codename Montevina refers to the fifth-generation Centrino platform, now formally named Centrino 2 to avoid confusion with previous Centrino platforms. It was scheduled for release at Computex Taipei 2008, which took place on June 3–7, 2008, but was delayed until July 15, due to problems with integrated graphics and wireless certification. Montevina supports Penryn, Intel's 45nm die-shrink version of Core 2 processors.

Mobile Chipset

An Intel Mobile 4 Express series chipset (codenamed Cantiga; GL40, GS45, GM45, GM47 or PM45) with Intel's GMA X4500 graphics technology and ICH9M southbridge, 1066 MT/s front side bus. The graphics core GM45/47 is expected to be clocked at 533/640MHz which will contain ten unified shaders, up from the eight provided by GMA X3100.
RAM support for DDR2-667, DDR2-800, DDR3-800, DDR3-1066 SO-DIMM.
NAND flash-memory caching branded as Intel Turbo Memory (codenamed Robson 2).
Gigabit Ethernet LAN controllers 82567LM and 82567LF (codenamed Boazman).
Main support for DisplayPort with an external connector attached to the motherboard along with full supplemental support of HDMI, DVI, and VGA standards.
Mobile Processor

Processors - Socket P / Micro-FCPGA / Micro-FCBGA
a second-generation Intel Core 2 Duo (codenamed Penryn) 45nm processor with 1066 MT/s FSB with clock speeds ranging from 2 GHz to 3.06 GHz, also featuring SSE4.1 support, which adds 47 new instructions to SSSE3. It is planned to consume no more than 29W, compared to Merom's and first-generation Penryn's 34W TDP.

Wireless Modules

Intel Ultimate N WiFi Link 5300 mini-PCIe adapter (codenamed Shirley Peak 3x3) supporting up to 450Mbps, or
Intel WiFi Link 5100 mini-PCIe adapter (codenamed Shirley Peak 1x2) supporting up to 300Mbps Rx / 150Mbps Tx, or
Intel WiMAX/WiFi Link 5350 mini-PCIe adapter (code-named Echo Peak-P) supporting both WiMAX and up to 450Mbps Wi-Fi, or
Intel WiMAX/WiFi Link 5150 mini-PCIe adapter (code-named Echo Peak-V) supporting both WiMAX and up to 300Mbps Rx / 150Mbps Tx Wi-Fi

Santa Rosa (2007)

The codename Santa Rosa refers to the fourth-generation Centrino platform, which was released on Wednesday May 9, 2007.
The Santa Rosa platform is branded as "Centrino Pro" when combined with the enhanced security technologies Intel introduced with vPro and "Centrino Duo" when they are not used. [2]

Mobile Chipset

An Intel Mobile 965 Express series chipset (codenamed Crestline): GM965 with Intel's GMA X3100 graphics technology or PM965 with discrete graphics, and ICH8M southbridge, 800 MT/s front side bus with Dynamic Front Side Bus Switching to save power during low utilization.
Intel Dynamic Acceleration (IDA), better Windows Vista Aero support.[3]
RAM supported for DDR2-533 and DDR2-667 SO-DIMM.
EFI-compliant firmware, a successor to BIOS.
optional NAND flash-memory caching branded as Intel Turbo Memory (codenamed Robson).

Mobile Processor

Processors - Socket P / Micro-FCPGA / Micro-FCBGA
an Intel Core 2 Duo (codenamed Merom) second generation processor with 800 MT/s FSB, or
an Intel Core 2 Duo (codenamed Penryn) 45nm processor with 800 MT/s FSB and SSE4.1, which will add 47 new instructions to SSSE3. It was scheduled for release in January 2008[4] for Santa Rosa Refresh platform.

Wireless Network

An Intel WiFi Link 4965AGN (a/b/g/draft-n) mini-PCIe Wi-Fi adapter (codenamed Kedron).
Wireless-N technology boasts a 5X speed increase, along with a 2X greater coverage area, and supports 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz signal bands, with enough bandwidth for high definition audio and video streams.[5].
The Santa Rosa platform comes with dynamic acceleration technology, allowing single threaded applications to execute faster. When a single threaded application is running, the CPU can turn off one of its cores and overclock the active core. In this way the CPU maintains the same Thermal Profile as it would when both cores are active. Santa Rosa performs well as a mobile gaming platform due to its ability to switch between single threaded and multithreaded tasks. [6] Other power savings come from an Enhanced Sleep state where both the CPU cores and the chipset will power down.The wireless chipset update was originally intended to include WWAN Internet access via HSDPA (3.5G), (codenamed Windigo) co-developed with Nokia.[7][8] After announcing a working partnership, both later retracted the deal citing the lack of a clear business case for the technology. Support for WiMAX (802.16) was originally scheduled for inclusion in Santa Rosa but appears to have been delayed until Montevina in 2008.

Napa (2007)

The codename Napa designates the third-generation Centrino platform, introduced in January 2006 at the Winter Consumer Electronics Show. The platform initially supported Intel Core Duo processors but the newer Core 2 Duo processors were launched and supported in this platform from July 27, 2006 onwards.

Mobile Chipset

An Intel Mobile 945 Express series chipset (codenamed Calistoga with Intel's GMA 950), including ICH7M southbridge.
RAM supported for DDR2-533 and DDR2-667 SO-DIMM.

Mobile Processor

Processors - Socket M / Micro-FCBGA
An Intel Core Solo, Core Duo (codenamed Yonah) processor, or
an Intel Core 2 Duo (codenamed Merom) processor with a 667 MT/s FSB for Napa Refresh platform, or
an Intel Core 2 Solo (codenamed Merom) processor with 553 MT/s FSB for Napa Refresh platform (Sept 2007).

Wireless Network

An Intel PRO/Wireless 3945ABG mini-PCIe Wi-Fi adapter (codenamed Golan).
Some newer models (as of 1st quarter 2007) of the Napa Refresh platform contain the newer 4965AGN (a/b/g/draft-n) wireless cards. Intel uses Centrino Duo branding for laptops with dual-core (Core Duo) and (Core 2 Duo) processors and retains the Centrino name for laptops with single core (Core Solo) processors. Some of the initial Core Duo laptops, are still labeled as Intel Centrino rather than Centrino Duo.

Sonoma (2005)

Intel used Sonoma as the codename for the second-generation Centrino platform, introduced in January 2005.

Mobile Chipset

An Intel Mobile 915 Express series chipset (codenamed Alviso with Intel's GMA 900), DDR2-533.
An Intel Pentium M processor (codenamed Dothan) with a 533 MT/s FSB, Socket 479.

Wireless Network
An Intel PRO/Wireless 2200BG or 2915ABG mini-PCI Wi-Fi adapter (both codenamed Calexico2).

The Mobile 915 Express chipset, like its desktop version, supports many new features such as DDR2, PCI Express, Intel High Definition Audio, and SATA. Unfortunately, the introduction of PCI Express and faster Pentium M processors causes laptops built around the Sonoma platform to have a shorter battery-life than their Carmel counterparts; Sonoma laptops typically achieve between 3.5-4.6 hours of battery-life on a 53 W-h battery.

Carmel (2008)

Intel used Carmel as the codename for the first-generation Centrino platform, introduced in March 2003.

Mobile Chipset
An Intel 855 series chipset (codenamed Odem or Montara with Intel Extreme Graphics 2), DDR-266 or DDR-333.

Mobile processor
An Intel Pentium M processor (codenamed Banias or later Dothan) with a 400 MT/s FSB, Socket 479.

Wireless Network
An Intel PRO/Wireless 2100B (codenamed Calexico) or later 2200BG mini-PCI Wi-Fi adapter (codenamed Calexico2).
Industry-watchers initially criticized the Carmel platform for its lack of an IEEE 802.11g-solution, because many independent Wi-Fi chip-makers like Broadcom and Atheros had already started shipping 802.11g products. Intel responded that the IEEE had not finalized the 802.11g standard at the time of Carmel's launch, and that it only wanted to launch products based on a finalized standard. In early 2004, after the finalization of the 802.11g standard, Intel permitted an Intel PRO/Wireless 2200BG to substitute for the 2100. At the same time, they permitted the new Dothan Pentium M to substitute for the Banias Pentium M. Initially, Intel permitted only the 855GM chipset, which did not support external graphics. Later, Intel allowed the 855GME and 855PM chips, which did support external graphics, in Centrino laptops.
Despite criticisms, the Carmel platform won quick acceptance among OEMs and consumers. Carmel could attain or exceed the performance of older Pentium 4-M platforms, while allowing for laptops to operate for 4 to 5 hours on a 48 W-h battery. Carmel also allowed laptop manufacturers to create thinner and lighter laptops because its components did not dissipate much heat, and thus did not require large cooling systems.

Centrino

Components of the Centrino platform. From right, clockwise: Intel PRO/Wireless network adapter, Intel mobile southbridge chipset, Intel mobile processor, and Intel mobile northbridge chipset.
Centrino is a platform-marketing initiative from Intel. It is not a mobile CPU - rather, the term covers a particular combination of mainboard chipset, mobile CPU and wireless network interface in the design of a laptop. Intel claimed that systems equipped with these technologies should deliver better performance, longer battery life and broad wireless network interoperability.

Laptop Future Technology

The New Mac Mini Concept by A Mac Mini User:
There are millions of fans of the Apple Macbooks who look forward to unique and improved versions of the laptops. The Mac mini is an innovative concept by Sait Alanyali that makes the Macbook look even more interesting. The color is classic white with the logo of Apple engraved on it (Sait is a huge Apple fan). The screen is spacious enough to be viewed with great precision. The exterior designs resemble a box which makes it look more compact and elegant. The appearance of the Mac mini gives a feel that it is extremely portable and can be carried easily on tours and for any other outdoor activities.
The design is fictional and do not support to suggest or inter any current or emerging product design efforts by Apple Computer Inc.

SmartBook : Mobility Computing Device Concept:

SmartBook the new mobility computing device designed by Roland Cernat is definitely a multi tasking instrument to the core. At the first look it looks like any laptop but on closer look one can see that it surely can be used more than just a laptop. On the back of the screen is the digital writing pad on which one can just scribble with the digital pen which is kept under the keyboard. The good thing about this device is that it can be customized or adapted as per individual and their abilities, a multi-functional computing device.

Tablet Mac Computer Concept:

There are lots of good options available on the web for a sleek, stylish and elegant laptop. But if you wish to have something unique that you can show off, then Other World Computing has come up with a future trend of computers for you, which is known as “Tablet Mac Computer”. This laptop doesn’t need a keyboard and extremely practical for business professionals, artists and technology leaders. The most appealing part in this 13.3 inch widescreen LCD is that it will enable one to inscribe on the screen with true pen and Handwriting recognition. This sleek laptop will hit the market with all essential features such as internal CD/DVD combo drive, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi capabilities and Global Positioning System.

Solar Powered Notebook Concept :
This solar notebook concept is a laptop with complete power independent. Its independence is due to powerful batteries that are recharged by wide Solar Panel attached to the computer. Equipped with satellite link GPS, internet access, and satellite telephone which makes this device not only power independent but also universal tool for communication and exchange information literally from any spot on the planet.
The solar panel may be completely detached from the main body to be put away for recharging, then smaller battery inside the computer is on. This small battery is recharged with solar power too when DC is plugged in.
This sure do will come in handy for scientists or researchers who work far away from civilization and power source.

For more Information Visit :http://www.tuvie.com/category/laptop

LapTops

M-TECH Laptops Technology:

M-TECH addresses all user needs through providing notebooks spanning the range from entry-level to high-end technology.M-TECH notebooks and LCD PC systems, powered by Intel family of Intel Pentium 4 processors, are built on a customized basis so that clients can select the individual configurations they require. M-TECH systems offer stylish all-in-one design, superb performance, upgrade ability and latest computing technology. M-TECH Corporation is based on the philosophy that the workplace PC, the home computer, and the laptop can all be replaced by a single, portable solution - the Desktop Replacement Notebook or LCD PC. M-TECH's Desktop Replacement Notebooks make conventional systems redundant by offering all the amenities of high-end computers in a portable package. All M-TECH products are engineered for highest quality, best performance, long-term stability and serviceability. Throughout its history, M-TECH Corporation has remained years ahead of the competition by matching current high-end desktop technology while incorporating products on the verge of reaching their zenith. The company has produced many firsts, such as manufacturing the first notebook with a 15.1-inch LCD panel and a full-size, 102-key, keyboard. Today, M-TECH is the leading manufacturer of innovative mobile computing technology.
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1 Gigabit LAN

Communication:

Modern organizations depend upon their local-area networks (LANs) to provide connectivity for a growing number of complex, mission-critical desktop computing applications. As the volume of network traffic increases, however, the bandwidth offered by a typical 10/100 Mbps Ethernet LAN quickly becomes inadequate to maintain acceptable performance for a growing number of notebook/desktop/server computing environments. These traffic jams are fueling the need for higher-speed networks. Among the high-speed LAN technologies available today 1 Gigabit Ethernet has become the leading choice. Gigabit Ethernet provides 1 Gbps bandwidth for networks with the simplicity of Ethernet at lower cost than other technologies of comparable speed.Many of latest applications require the transmission of large files over the network. Scientific applications demand ultra-high bandwidth networks to communicate 3-D visualizations of complex objects ranging from molecules to aircraft. Magazines, brochures and other complex, full-color publications prepared on notebook computers are transmitted directly to digital-input printing facilities. Many medical facilities are transmitting complex images over LAN and WAN links, enabling the sharing of expensive equipment and specialized medical expertise. Engineers are using electronic and mechanical design automation tools to work interactively in distributed development teams, sharing files in the hundreds of gigabytes.Many companies are now employing Internet technologies to build private intranets, enabling users in an organization to go beyond electronic mail and access critical data through familiar Web browsers, opening the door to a new generation of multimedia client/server applications. While intranet traffic is currently composed primarily of text, graphics and images, this is expected to expand in the near future to include more bandwidth-intensive audio, video and voice.

Storage:
Card readers are an easy solution for downloading files from portable media cards. Now you can easily load and transfer files from all of your media cards. Internal 6-in-1 Card Reader:
Goes into a 3.5" FDD bay, and connects to an available USB port
Reads/writes Compact Flash, Smart Media, Memory Stick, Multimedia Card, Secure Digital media and IBM Microdrive cards
Supports hot swapping between cards
Supports copying among different media or cards
Automatic card detection
Low power consumption
USB Plug and Play for Win98SE/2000/ME/XP/VISTA

Wireless Communication:
802.11 -- applies to wireless LANs and provides 1 or 2 Mbps transmission in the 2.4 GHz band using either frequency hopping spread spectrum (FHSS) or direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS).
802.11a -- an extension to 802.11 that applies to wireless LANs and provides up to 54 Mbps in the 5GHz band. 802.11a uses an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing encoding scheme rather than FHSS or DSSS.
802.11b (also referred to as 802.11 High Rate or Wi-Fi) -- an extension to 802.11 that applies to wireless LANS and provides 11 Mbps transmission (with a fallback to 5.5, 2 and 1 Mbps) in the 2.4 GHz band. 802.11b uses only DSSS. 802.11b was a 1999 ratification to the original 802.11 standard, allowing wireless functionality comparable to Ethernet.
802.11g -- applies to wireless LANs and provides 20+ Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band.
http://www.webopedia.com/

Graphics :
ATI MOBILITY™ RADEON™ 9600 graphics card is the premium solution for persuasive presentations, real-time games and home entertainment on all the latest displays. With longer lasting battery life and an easy to upgrade architecture, MOBILITY RADEON 9600 delivers premium 3D performance with vivid, cinematic quality graphics. Accelerate the visual features in today’s most popular business and home multimedia applications and reward yourself with the freedom to perform anywhere, anytime.
http://www.eurocom.com/bussolutions/www.ati.com

Bluetooth:
(Wireless Communication )
Bluetooth is an open specification for a cutting-edge technology that enables short-range wireless connections between desktop and laptop computers, personal digital assistants, cellular phones, printers, scanners, digital cameras and even home appliances — on a globally available band (2.4GHz) for worldwide compatibility. In a nutshell, Bluetooth unplugs your digital peripherals and makes cable clutter a thing of the past. With Bluetooth technology, you can link your Palm OS-based handheld device, Bluetooth-enabled cell phone and peripherals with your notebooks or LCD PCs — and do it wirelessly, within a 30-foot range. The name refers to a Viking King who unified Denmark.
http://www.eurocom.com/bussolutions/www.bluetooth.com

Video:
With the built-in PC camera you'll be able to do video conferencing right on your notebook. Whether you need to take pictures of yourself and the surroundings to quickly email them back to your loved ones or to the office from a hotspot using the integrated wireless LAN, or you're planning to do conference calling, it definitely comes in handy. And ladies, you can even apply makeup using the PC camera as if it were a mirror or see what your child or partner is doing behind your back while you are busy working on your laptop...

Interface(DVI):
DVI (Digital Video Interface) is a specification created by the Digital Display Working Group (DDWG) to accommodate analog and digital monitors with a single connector. There are three different DVI configurations:DVI-A, designed for analog signals, DVI-D, designed for digital signals, and DVI-I (integrated), designed for both analog and digital signals.Using a DVI connector and port, a digital signal that is sent to an analog monitor is converted into an analog signal. If the monitor is a digital monitor, such as a flat panel display, no conversion is necessary. Many monitors now include a DVI connection and many video adapters include a DVI port along with, or instead of, the traditional 15-pin Video Graphics Array (VGA) port.
http://whatis.techtarget.com/

Interface(FireWire IEEE1394 ):
With more than 30 times the bandwidth of the popular USB 1.1 peripheral standard, FireWire 400 has been the gold standard for high-speed data transfer. With its high data-transfer speed, FireWire IEEE 1394 is the interface of choice for today’s digital audio and video devices, as well as external hard drives and other high-speed peripherals. Now transferring data at up to 800 Mbps, FireWire 800 delivers more than double the effective bandwidth of the USB 2.0 peripheral standard. That means you can send more than a CD’s worth of data every ten seconds.
http://www.eurocom.com/bussolutions/www.firewire.com

CPU(Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor with HT Technology):
Power for the passionate gamer and advanced performance for advanced users, the Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor with HT Technology Extreme Edition delivers an incredible experience for those uses who need processing power for today's most advanced applications.Designed specifically for those who know their technology and crave high performance, this processor runs at 3.20 GHz with an advanced 800 MHz system bus and a whopping 2MB of L3 cache. Built-in Hyper-Threading Technology (HT Technology) provides immediate value in today's computing environment by enabling the processor to simultaneously execute two software program threads. This lets you run two software applications in parallel without sacrificing performance. Based on Intel NetBurst microarchitecture and built on Intel's 0.13-micron technology, the Pentium 4 Processor with HT Technology Extreme Edition delivers reliable performance for gamers and power users who demand processing strength to handle today's most advanced applications.
http://www.eurocom.com/bussolutions/www.intel.com

CPU(Intel® Centrino™ Mobile Technology):
Intel® Centrino™ mobile technology is Intel's new technology designed specifically for mobile computing with built-in wireless LAN capability and breakthrough mobile performance. It also enables extended battery life and sleek, easy-to-carry notebook PCs. This is Intel's first integrated computing technology designed from the ground up for wireless notebook PCs.Now you can work, play and connect without wires. And choose from a whole new generation of thin, light notebooks designed to enable extended battery life.This new innovative technology enables:- Integrated wireless LAN capability- Breakthrough mobile performance- Extended battery life- Thinner, lighter designs
http://www.eurocom.com/bussolutions/www.intel.com

CPU(Prescott Processor):
The Prescott Processor is the code name for a new generation of IA-32 processors. The technology incorporates an enhanced Intel® NetBurst™ micro architecture. Other key features of the Prescott Processor include:
Support for Hyper-Threading Technology
Prescott New Instructions (PNI) support
Deeper pipelining to enable higher frequency
A High-speed System Bus The Prescott Processor improves on the Pentium® 4 processor's hyper-pipelined technology to achieve even higher clock rates than previous generations of Pentium 4 processors. At the same time, the new processor has larger first-level and second-level caches, more store buffers, write combining buffers. PNI support does not require new OS support for saving and restoring the new state during a context switch, beyond that provided for Streaming SIMD Extensions. The PNI set is fully compatible with all software written for Intel® architecture microprocessors.
http://www.eurocom.com/bussolutions/www.intel.com

Audio(Subwoofer):
Subwoofer is a standalone or integrate loudspeaker device specifically designed to reproduce the lowest most (non specially locatable) bass frequencies for a room or auto Music Reproduction or Home Theatre presentation system. In short, it is an extra low frequency add on speaker for your notebook that allows you to hear and feel very low frequency sounds not clearly reproduced by standard speakers. The M-TECH D470W Extreme notebook offers enhanced 4 speakers stereo surround sound with an additional subwoofer.

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